取消公积金制度，这绝不是一个好主意！
2020-02-13 14:44:23 / 瀚海拍卖
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<span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;">近日，面对疫情带来的中小企业生存问题，黄奇帆提出了四方面的长期改革建议：</span>
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<span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;">一是尽快落实农民工在城市落户的有关政策，快速解决制造业用工短缺问题。二是取消企业住房公积金制度。我国房地产早已市场化，商业银行已成为提供房贷的主体，住房公积金存在的意义已经不大，将之取消可为企业和职工直接降低</span><span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;"> 12% 的成本。三是政策鼓励企业实行年金制度。四是想法设法降低物流成本。</span>
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<span style="font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";font-size:14px;line-height:1.5;">黄奇帆对中国经济和楼市的理解相当深入，一直不乏真知灼见。无论是放开农民工落户还是降低物流成本，都是为制造业长远考虑的切实建议。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>01</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>取消公积金，谁最受益？</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">取消公积金，最大的受益方是企业还是职工？</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">显然，住房公积金，是企业的成本，也是员工的收入，同时也是个税抵扣的重要来源之一，这背后还涉及公积金贷款这一政策福利。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">取消了公积金，企业倒是容易降低成本，但这部分钱会补偿给员工吗？</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">众所周知，公积金强制缴存，个人和企业分别缴纳一部分，比例从</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">5%到12%不等。住房公积金虽然面临着不买房提取难等老问题，但必须承认，这是许多人实打实的收入。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">如果单纯取消公积金而不做任何补偿，在目前的劳资关系博弈环境中，这相当于挪职工福利为企业所用，这并非社会利益最大化的选项，而更多接近于零和游戏。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">更关键的是，公积金不仅关乎工资而且关乎个税。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">公积金一般占工资</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">5%到12%，对个税抵扣甚至高过房贷、租房、子女教育，单纯取消公积金，相当于变相增加个税，这部分成本又该如何化解？</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">同时，住房公积金制度，背后还存在公积金贷款这项政策福利。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">公积金贷款利率远远低于商业贷款利率，这是许多购房者唯一能拿到的低利率。如果单纯取消公积金制度，又没有新的东西加以替代，那么政策利率该如何体现？</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">目前，全国商业贷款普遍上浮，首套房商业贷款利率已经攀升到</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">5.51%，而公积金依旧维持在3.25%的水平，商贷利率相当于公积金的1.7倍，同样100万30年期的贷款，商贷比公积金累计要多缴几十万的利息。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">可见，公积金纵有百般问题，但它已经深入融合到目前的经济生活当中，牵一发而动全身，显然不是简单取消那么简单。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>02</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>取消公积金，谁最担心？</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">取消公积金，谁的利益受损最严重？</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">显然，体制内人士的利益受损最严重，大型企业其次，而小微企业职工则基本不受影响。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">这背后的原因显而易见，公积金虽然是强制缴存，但缴纳比例的弹性空间十分大，从</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">5%到12%不等。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">中小企业普遍选择最低的选项，而体制内单位则普遍选择最高的一档。更关键的是，体制内单位几乎能全员覆盖，而许多中小企业则唯恐避之不及。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">不过，与过去相比，公积金制度的公平性有所提升。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">虽然体制内单位的公积金缴纳比例更高、覆盖范围更广，但目前公积金已经被顶格限制为</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">12%，过去许多企事业单位以此谋取灰色福利的现象，大为减少。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">可以说，如果真正取消公积金，对体制内单位的冲击会高过市场化企业。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">但任何事情不能脱离现实。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">必须明白的一点是，在目前的机制模式下，</span><b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">体制内单位很容易出现新的东西自动补偿，而民营企业一旦取消，想要补偿性恢复，谈何容易？</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">许多中小企业连五险都避之不及，遑论住房公积金？</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">这背后固然有企业成本的现实考虑，但这也是职工权益普遍受不到重视的尴尬现实。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">所以，简单取消公积金，谁的利益受损，谁能得利，恐怕不是那么简单的事情。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>03</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>公积金，是不是</strong></span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>“鸡肋”？</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">长期以来，住房公积金饱受</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">“鸡肋”的质疑，食之无味，弃之可惜。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">说公积金食之无味，是因为公积金强制缴存。</span></b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">如果不买房，能提取的额度十分有限，大量的资金沉淀在账户里，任其贬值，同时还面临被地方政府挪用的风险。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">即使买房，在暴涨的房价面前，公积金贷款额度越发捉襟见肘。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">北京上海公积金贷款上限都是</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">120万元，而这两地均价早已超过6万元，一套房子动辄五六百万，120万的公积金贷款作用有限。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">事实上，在不断上涨的房价面前，大多数人无力买房，根本就没有使用过公积金贷款。低收入人群除了每月租房可提取几百元的公积金外，根本无从享受公积金贷款的福利。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">更为现实的问题是，公积金贷款一直处于歧视链的最底层。由于审批周期过长、审批条件繁琐，开发商一度普遍拒绝公积金贷款。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">说公积金弃之可惜</span></b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">，</span><b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">是因为公积金已经扎根于现实，与经济生活密切融合。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">公积金贷款属于政策性贷款，其利率远远低于商业贷款，加上税前抵扣带来的合理避税，企业必须强制缴存赋予的实际收入，公积金背后涉及着无数员工的具体利益。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">如今，随着公积金提取范围不断扩大，公积金的使用效率已经有所提升。不仅租房可以提取，而且大病也可提取。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">面对疫情，有关部门已经发出通知，</span><b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">患者可提取本人住房公积金用于医疗支出。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">就此而言，公积金虽然问题重重，但仍旧不乏现实存在的理由。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>04</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"><strong>简单取消公积金，可能不是好主意</strong></span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">公积金到底该怎么改革，这一问题已经讨论了十年之久。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">一边是形同鸡肋、劫贫济富、资金沉淀的老问题，另一边是增加实际收入、政策贷款福利、合理避税的现实好处，这两者到底该如何权衡？</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">讨论任何政策，都必须立足现实，不能做理论上的空谈。</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">公积金存在的弊端不可计数，但经过</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">20多年的发展，在现实经济和生活中的影响无处不在，任何政策变动，都会影响到相当多的普通人。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">就理论而言，取消公积金，取而代之以国家住房银行，无疑是更好的选项。</span></b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">国家住房银行，类似于美国的</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">“两房”——房利美、房地美。当然，“两房”曾经是次贷危机的始作俑者，即便是住房政策银行，也要规范其权限。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">回到现实。必须承认，打造国家住房银行并不容易，增加公积金透明度，扩大提取范围，无疑更加务实。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">无论是租房还是购房抑或装修，无论是大病还是小病，甚至对于没有购房能力的缴存者，只要有需求，都应该赋予定期提取公积金的资格。</span>
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<b><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">必须重申的一点是，公积金的钱，不是国家的也不是企业的，而是员工个人的，个体理应享有最终的支配权。</span></b>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">无论如何，一刀切取消住房公积金、没有任何补偿性前提之下的取消公积金，尤其是单纯基于为企业减负的理由取消公积金，都是不可取的。</span><span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;">（国民经略）</span>
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<span style="font-size:14px;font-family:"Microsoft YaHei";line-height:1.5;"> </span>
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